On the heals of the Biotar 75mm f/1.5, I came across a posting for a Biotar 70mm f/1.4 in a Leica L39 mount. Was this a real lens? The serial number of the lens is 2620709, and it was selling for ca. C$78K. The serial number suggests it was produced in 1939.
This is a strange lens because there is very little information regarding its provenance. CollectiBlend suggests only 116 lenses were produced between 1929 and 1939. Most seem like they have been adapted to mounts such as M42. The early 1930s Zeiss catalogs do specify a 70mm f/1.4 lens, however it is for cinematographic work, specifically recommended for 40×35mm format. By the late 1930s they were also being advertised for miniature, i.e. 35mm cameras. This was however not advertised for use with either Contax 35mm camera offered by Zeiss-Ikon, which advertised a 85mm as a portrait lens.
Early brochure information on the Biotar f/1.4
According to the catalogs of the period, there were a series of f/1.4 Biotars, in 2cm, 2.5cm, 4cm, and 5cm focal lengths in addition to the 7cm (70mm). The Biotar initially played virtually no role at all for still image cameras. In fact one of the most numerous Biotars produced at that time was the Biotar 2.5cm f/1.4 which went into production in1928. By the end of WW2, just over 1,300 units had been manufactured, most of which were delivered to Bell & Howell or Kodak, but also to Siemens, among others. The Biotar 4cm f/1.4 was created as a medium focal length for 18×24mm standard film cameras – the format used in 35mm cine cameras.
Dating based on serial numbers: 2620709 (1939) and 950044 (1929-30)
Now I have seen three different versions of this lens, none of which really meshes with the descriptions found in early catalogs – here the lenses are cited to a mount diameter of 60mm, and come in either an “N” mount (for cameras with bellows extensions), or an “A” mount (for folding and other hand cameras). The few lenses available today are in the form of re-housed optics, i.e. the lens has been adapted at come point to fit mounts like the Leica mount. Some of these lenses were made for “miniature” cameras, and so some may actually have native LTM mounts.
Not every fast vintage lens is a 50mm. Sometimes others are fast in relation to their focal length, like the Carl Zeiss BIotar 75mm f/1.5, considered by some to be the original ‘King of Bokeh’. The lens has a reputation for creating an incredible picture, which can be partially attributed to its ability to produce amazing bokeh, which was not exactly something that was mainstream in the mid-decades of the 20th century.
The Biotar lenses were designed in 1927 by Willi Merté (1889-1948) for cine cameras (Patent No. DE485,798). Merté continued developing the Biotar lenses, and in 1938 introduced the Biotar 75. Construction was complete by April 1938, and the lens went into production in February 1939. It was quite radical for the time, especially considering that all calculations for these systems were performed manually, i.e. by humans. It is often the reason very few of these lenses changed their specifications. The lens is a 6-element, 4-group, Double-Gauss optical design.
The first copies were made for cinematography, followed shortly after for Ihagee’s 35mm Kine Exakta. The advent of WWII meant that few lenses were sold, and those sales were likely restricted to lens enthusiasts who could afford them. Based on the available literature, it doesn’t seem like any were exported from Germany. In 1943, competition arrived in the form of the Leitz Summarex 85mm f/1.5. The design was a 7/6, but was prone to flaring, and heavier, at 700g to the Zeiss’s 500g. Post-war more competition in the German market resulted in the Meyer-Optik Görlitz Primoplan 75mm f/1.9; the Enna-Werke Ennaston-Lithagon 85mm f/1.5, and the Carl Zeiss Jena 85mm f/2 Sonnar. By the mid 1950s there was also competition originating from Japan.
“The ultra-light intensity of the 75mm ‘Night Lens’ ensures adequate exposures even under the most adverse lighting conditions, i.e. theatre, circus, cabaret, and night life. As this particular lens is more than three times as fast as the 2.8 lens, successful pictures can be obtained in towns and cities, illuminated only by normal street lighting.”
Exakta Varex IIa brochure, 1958
The three Biotar 75mm variants
There are three known variants of this lens. The first pre-war variant is known as the “skinny” Biotar 75. Introduced in 1938, this version has a thin, compact barrel. It was supposedly made of brass with a chrome-plated finish (although it is likely this changed to aluminum during the war). This lens were predominantly made for the EXA mount (not surprising considering the Exakta was the prominent 35mm SLR of the period). Early versions did not have an anti-reflection coating on the glass surface, which could cause flare when shooting against the light. Coatings, marked with a red “T”, began to be applied during the war (possibly for the military).
Carl Zeiss Jena Biotar 75mm f/1.5 Ver.1
After the war, Zeiss-Ikon was to release the Contax S, which used the M42 screw mount. Zeiss redesigned many of their lenses to take on the M42 mount. This resulted in the second version of the lens, produced between 1946 and 1952. This lens made use of lanthanum-containing Schott glass for its lens elements. This version was made in East Germany. Starting with this model, aluminum was used for the lens barrel to reduce weight. Additionally, the minimum aperture has been changed to allow up to f/22. In this variant, mounts for M42, Leica (L39), and Praktina were added, and it was compatible with at least five types of mounts, including those for Exakta and Contax. All have the “T” coating, although it may not be marked with a red “T”. Around 1950 markings were changed from 7.5cm to 75mm. The distance scale is a single one, which is very easy to read.
Carl Zeiss Jena Biotar 75mm f/1.5 Ver.2
The third version of the lens was produced from 1952-1968, as is known as the “fat” Biotar 75. This version has a solid barrel with a knurled/scalloped focus ring, a double distance scale, i.e. numbers on either side. The diaphragm is now preset, and the minimum aperture is back to f/16.
Carl Zeiss Jena Biotar 75mm f/1.5 Ver.3
The lens had various names over the 1950’s based on where it was sold. The lens was known as Nachtobjektiv Jena B (Night-lines Jena B), Zeiss-Biotar, “Jena B”, or just Biotar.
The lens is truly a pivotal design, it was not until new types of glass were designed, and the advent of computer-aided optical development that further progress could be achieved, ultimately leading to the Zeiss Pancolar 75mm f/1.4 in the mid-1960s. The 75mm lens itself would not really feature in the future of lenses, supplanted by the 80mm and 85mm focal lengths. Over its 30 years in existence, only roughly 20,000 copies were made. Supposedly they were made in very small batches (100-200) due to the nature of the lens – the optical elements required large pieces of flawless glass.
Zeiss specs for the “fat” version
In the early 1950s, the lens sold in the USA as a “high speed lens”, for around US$216, which is US$2,500 in 2023 based on inflation. In Germany in 1953, this lens sold for DM596 (which when converted was cheaper than in the USA (US$141). Today these lenses sell anywhere from US$2000-6000+ depending on condition, and variant. An alternative, which honestly costs a whole lot less, is the modern Biotar 75 f1.5 II, from Meyer Optik Görlitz (it sells for €1400, ca. C$2000).
NB: You can always tell when a Zeiss lens was manufactured from the serial number.
What do I truly hate about DSLRs? Menus. Particularly menus I need to consult for ISO settings and/or white balance. Buttons marked ISO and WB with direct access do me fine. But what do I really want? A comfy, rugged, gem-like compact, four-control, digital Leica 1(A). You can leave off all the ornamental stuff. That’s not too much to ask, is it?
Herbert Keppler, Like a Leica (Popular Photography, August 2007, pp.50-51)
A long-focus lens is a lens that has a focal length longer than the diagonal measure of the film or sensor. A telephoto lens is a sub-category, whereby a lens contains a group of elements that allow the physical length of the lens to be shorter than the focal length. Therefore all telephotos are long-focus lenses, but not all long-focus lenses are telephotos.
The most important difference between a long-focus lens of conventional construction and a telephoto lens of the same focal length lies in the overall length of the lens. Thus, a conventional 400mm lens will be positioned roughly 400mm away from the film, and will be fitted in a lens barrel approaching 400mm in length. Many of the lenses produced by companies such as Tewe were long focus lenses. A telephoto with a focal length of 400mm, on the other hand, may be as little as 300mm in length, and will be usually much lighter in weight than the conventional lens.
A tale of three different 400mm long focus lenses. The Telemegor and Tele_Takumar are telephoto lenses, the Asahi Takumar 500mm is a pure long-focus lens.
The reduced length of a telephoto is derived by using a more “complex” optical design. One tremendous advantage of the telephoto construction is that it permits the use of lenses of very great focal length – lenses which would be impossibly heavy and inconvenient if the normal construction were used. Historically, long focus lenses, with focal lengths up to 2000mm, were often so big that it was customary to support the lens on a sturdy tripod.
The “Rule of Thirds” (ROT) is a concept used for the composition of a photograph. It states that the centre of interest in a photograph should be placed at any one of the four intersections of four imaginary lines, two of which bisect the frame horizontally, and two of which bisect it vertically, dividing the picture into thirds each way. It’s main goal is to move the subject out of the centre of the image, because having the subject to one side produces visual interest.
Fig.1: The “Rule of Thirds” grid
But this idea did not originate in photography, but rather art, i.e. painting. In 1783 Sir Joshua Reynolds taught at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, mentioning in his discourses how a painting works best when the use of light and dark has a ratio of approximately ⅓ : ⅔. It is described in a book entitled “Remarks on rural scenery : with twenty etchings of cottages, from nature : and some observations and precepts relative to the pictoresque“, by John Thomas Smith and Joseph Downes in 1797, where is it first defined.
Two distinct, equal lights, should never appear in the same picture : One should be principal, and the rest sub-ordinate, both in dimension and degree : Unequal parts and gradations lead the attention easily from part to part, while parts of equal appearance hold it awkardly suspended, as if unable to determine which of those parts is to be considered as the subordinate. “And ” to give the utmost force and solidity to your work, some part of ” the picture should be as light, and some as dark as possible: ” These two extremes are then to be harmonized and reconciled ” to each other.”
Analogous to this “Rule of thirds”, ( if I may be allowed so to call it ) I have presumed to think that, in connecting or in breaking the various lines of a picture, it would likewise be a good rule to do it, in general, by a similar scheme of proportion ; for example, in a design of landscape, to determine the sky at about two-thirds ; or else at about one-third, so that the material objects might occupy the other two : Again, two thirds of one element, ( as of water ) to one third of another element ( as of land ) ; and then both together to make but one third of the picture, of which the two other thirds should go for the sky and serial perspectives.
How it got to photography is somewhat mystical. Search for it in books of the mid-20th century, and you won’t find it. For example The Amateur Photographer’s Handbook, by Aaron Sussman, published for about four decades from 1941 on wards does not mention it. It is possible that it transitioned from the cinematic industry where it is commonly used [1]. Consider the examples shown in Figure 2. In the left image, the character clearly is framed in the right third of the frame, whilst in the right image the background and foreground characters are framed at opposite sides of the intersecting lines.
Fig.2: Use of “Rule of Thirds” in cinematography
By the 1980s it was often mentioned in passing as a mean of composition, but the past two decades has seen it blossom online, both for use in still photography and video. You can commonly find it being used as the composition guides overlaid on screens on cameras as a means to help with composition.
But is it the most optimal means of composition? Hardly. The rule of thirds is not mandatory and when the composition demands it, it can and should be violated. In reality it shouldn’t even be perceived a rule, but rather a guideline. Some photographers believe that an over reliance on this method of composition can lead to boring photographs. Of course the “rule of thirds” isn’t the only method of composition, indeed there are numerous others, some of which are shown in Figure 3. The best composition method is the one that best suits the particular scene being photographed.
Lenses are funny. Lenses with small focal lengths usually contain a lot of glass, conversely those with long focal lengths contain very little. Why is this the case? Shouldn’t telephoto lenses be filled with optical elements? The answer is no, and it’s because of the nature of how telephoto lenses, or in this case long-focus lenses, work – vintage telephoto lenses are not all built in the same way.
The famous 400mm lens from “Rear Window” only has two lens elements.
There are some vintage long-focus lenses that have a mere two elements – many of these lenses have extremely long focal lengths. These two-element lenses were often cemented together, positioned in front of the diaphragm, with very little in the way of anything else in the lens barrel. Simple lenses of the type are capable of excellent definition if the field is restricted to a few degrees from the axis and the aperture is not too great.
This type of 2-element lens was made by a number of different manufacturers:
Having a hard time trying to decide on a focal length? Below is an easy visual guide to the most common focal lengths, displaying the amount of a scene captured. Note these are full-frame/35mm focal lengths, so smaller sensors will require calculating equivalencies. For example the view shown for the 50mm lens below would be equivalent to what is seen by a 33mm lens on an APS-C camera, or a 25mm lens on a Micro-Four-Thirds camera. The 135mm lens view would be equivalent to a 90mm APS-C or a 68mm MFT lens.
Focal length views for classic 35mm lens (+DSLR) cameras.
Vintage lenses are festooned with markings. There are the numbers related to focusing, and the f-stop values, but the details engraved upon the lens name plate will explain most things about the lens. This post will look at vintage lens markings by investigating a few examples. In general, most lenses have 5-6 markings: (i) lens model/brand; (ii) maximum aperture (speed); (iii) focal length, (iv) serial number; (v) company; and (vi) place of manufacture (these are shown in Figure 1 using colour coding to highlight). In addition there may be some symbols used to denote specialty characteristics such as lens coatings. These markings are usually found on the front of the lens on the rim sounding the first element. On lenses where there is no room on the front of the lens, the lens marking are usually found circumscribed around the outside of the lens.
Fig 1. The various markings on a lens (colour coded)
The first two items described are the manufacturer (or brand), and the type or name of the lens. In this case the manufacturer is E.Ludwig, and the type or name of the lens is a MERITAR. Most vintage lenses also provide the len’s serial number on the name plate – in this case 1199207. With come manufacturers the serial number helps track down information like where, and when it was manufactured. The most important information is the 1:2.9, which basically specifies the speed (maximum aperture) of the lens, here f/2.9. The last piece of information is f=50mm which specifies the focal length of the lens. On this particular lens there is also two additional symbols which specify lens coating and a quality mark.
Fig 2. Lens markings on various brands (same colour-coding as Fig.1, with the addition of red to denote place of manufacture)
Figure 2 shows three more examples of lens markings from Kilfitt, Asahi, and Enna. Figure 3 shows lens markings from Zeiss Biotar 58mm f/2 lenses from two differing periods. The latter one has more cryptic lens marking – there is less info here because the lens was produced during the infamous Zeiss trademark dispute. Zeiss Jena in East Germany marked the Biotar lenses with a “B”, in order for them to be sold in the west.
Fig 3. Zeiss Biotar lenses from two differing periods
The focal length/aperture combination is the one thing that can be described in a number of different ways. The f-number is normally specified using a ratio, 1:x, rather than the f/ term. On some lenses the length and aperture are combined in the form aperture/focal length, e.g. 2.8/50. It’s actually somewhat rare to see f being used to specify maximum aperture, instead it is often used to signify focal length, e.g. f=58mm. Focal length is nearly always specified in metric, the only difference being that up until about 1950, many lenses were specified in centimetres, whereas afterwards the focal length became more standardized using millimetres. So an early lens might have been 5cm, versus the more standardized 50mm.
Fig 4. Specialized lens markings found on various German lenses.
Sometimes vintage lenses also carry other markings. Sometimes instead of a brand name, there is a logo to signify a brand. This is common in vintage Russian lenses where the same lens could have been manufactured in more than one plant. Some lenses also have a number with the diameter symbol, ∅, which indicates the filter size of the lens in mm. Some lenses also use letters to signify the presence of lens coatings, e.g. Meyer Optik specified a lens coating using a red “V”, after the focal length (which means Vergütet = coating). Examples of specialized lens markings for German lenses is shown in Figure 5.
Fig 5. Types of specialized lens markings found on German lenses.
Crafting Pixels 